40 years of data reveal how the Sun's internal structure behaves in its quieter phases

The Sun's internal structure shows subtle changes even during the calmer phases.

PUBLISHED MAR 5, 2026

A 3D illustration of the Sun. (Representative Cover Image Source: Getty Images | Nixxphotography.)

The Sun displays delicate changes in its internal structures even during its quieter phases of life, known as solar minima, new research has revealed. The research, conducted by astronomers at the University of Birmingham and Yale University, has uncovered that weakened solar magnetic activity during minima shows small differences from one minimum to another, producing detectable changes inside the Sun. "For the first time, we've been able to clearly quantify how the Sun's internal structure shifts from one cycle, minimum, to the next,” said co-author and professor William J. Chaplin at the University of Birmingham in a statement. “The Sun's outer layers subtly change across activity cycles, and we found that deep quiet minima can leave a measurable internal fingerprint." Chaplin and his colleagues have published their findings in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

The Sun during two periods: recent solar minimum in 2019, and solar maximum that preceded it. (Cover Image Source: NASA/SDO/Joy Ng) — The Sun during two periods: the recent solar minimum in 2019 and the solar maximum that preceded it. (Image Source: NASA/SDO/Joy Ng)

Solar minima are periods of lull in the Sun’s magnetic activity with fewer sunspots and flares. Occurring between two 11-year cycles of heightened solar activity, such dormant periods are important to predict the nature of the following cycle of solar activity. To better understand these quieter phases, the researchers analyzed more than 40 years of astronomical data to probe what happens deeper into the Sun’s interior during the four minima between solar cycles 21 and 25. For this analysis, the team heavily relied on the observational data of six telescopes, which are scattered around the globe and known as the Birmingham Solar-Oscillations Network (BiSON). They closely monitored tiny vibrations that sweep through the Sun.

The sun and its atmosphere consist of several zones or layers (Image Source: NASA/Goddard) — The Sun and its atmosphere consist of several zones or layers. (Image Source: NASA/Goddard)

Formed by trapped sound waves, these vibrations cause the star to oscillate gently. While tracking vibrations, Chaplin and his peers looked for sound wave 'glitches' created when helium becomes doubly ionized close to the surface of the Sun and changes in sound speed, all the while comparing their observations against predictions made by solar models based on slightly different conditions. The helium glitch was found to be considerably larger during the minimum in 2008/2009, between cycles 23 and 24, than the other minima. This indicates a significant internal structural difference.

3D Rendering of Sun in space (Representative Image Source: Unsplash | 3dparadise — 3D rendering of the Sun in space. (Representative Image Source: Unsplash | 3dparadise)

With increasing gas pressure and temperatures in its outer layers, the Sun exhibited lower magnetic fields. The team thinks that these findings provide an inside-out view of the quieter Sun. "Revealing how the sun behaves beneath its surface during these quiet periods is significant because this behavior has a strong bearing on how the activity levels build up in the cycles that follow," said lead author and professor Sarbani Basu from Yale University. The Sun’s activity affects space weather. Its wind laden with energetic particles escapes into interplanetary space, causing radio communication blackouts, GPS errors, and power-grid disruptions.

Illustration of a coronal mass ejection (CME) emanating from the Sun.
(Representative Image Source: Getty Images | Mark Garlick | Science Photo Library.) — Illustration of a coronal mass ejection (CME) emanating from the Sun. CMEs can affect electronic systems in satellites and on the ground. (Representative Image Source: Getty Images | Mark Garlick | Science Photo Library.)

Long-term seismic data can help better understand the Sun and may help avert such disasters. "Our work demonstrates the power of long-term stellar seismic observations,” Chaplin added. “With upcoming missions such as the European Space Agency's PLATO, the techniques used in this study could be applied to other sun-like stars, helping us to better understand how their activity changes and how they influence their local environments, including any planets they may host."