NASA's James Webb captures sharpest-ever view of M87 supermassive black hole jet

The M87 galaxy's colossal one-sided jet, initially detected over a century ago, has become a 'prime laboratory' for scientists seeking to understand Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN).
PUBLISHED OCT 3, 2025
The black holes shown, which range from 100,000 to more than 60 billion times our Sun’s mass, are scaled according to the sizes of their shadows (Representative Cover Image Source: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center)
The black holes shown, which range from 100,000 to more than 60 billion times our Sun’s mass, are scaled according to the sizes of their shadows (Representative Cover Image Source: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center)

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has delivered an unprecedented look at the powerful energy jet streaming from the supermassive black hole at the core of the M87 galaxy, a massive elliptical galaxy long recognized as a foundational case study in astrophysics, as per the study published in Astronomy & Astrophysics.

RGB image of M87 obtained using F356W, F150W, and F090W observations. (Cover Image Source: Jan Röder, Maciek Wielgus et al., Astronomy & Astrophysics (2025))
RGB image of M87 obtained using F356W, F150W, and F090W observations. (Image Source: Jan Röder, Maciek Wielgus et al., Astronomy & Astrophysics (2025))

M87's one-sided jet, first observed more than a century ago, has captivated scientists as a "prime laboratory" for understanding Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). Its intense radiation has been studied across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves (which have previously allowed researchers to resolve the black hole itself) to X-rays and gamma-rays. Early observations of the jet's polarized light confirmed that its optical glow is generated primarily by synchrotron radiation, a non-thermal process.

NIRCam footprint on M87 (Anand et al. 2025). The green
sub-square represents the A1 detector footprint for the F090W and
F150W images in this study; F277W and F356W images are taken with
the lower-right half of the NIRCam footprint (detector A5) (Image Source: Astronomy & Astrophysics (2025))
NIRCam footprint on M87 (Anand et al. 2025). The green sub-square represents the A1 detector footprint for the F090W and F150W images in this study; F277W and F356W images are taken with the lower-right half of the NIRCam footprint (detector A5) (Image Source: Jan Röder, Maciek Wielgus et al. Astronomy & Astrophysics (2025))

The galaxy itself, M87, is “one of the most intensely studied objects in the sky,” according to researchers, boasting an extensive history in astronomical records. Its prominence as a strong radio source has led to decades of high-resolution studies, even culminating in the revolutionary work that resolved the central black hole at its core. These new infrared images, captured by JWST's NIRCam instrument, mark the first time the telescope has been used to examine the galaxy's jet structure at the kiloparsec (kpc) scale. This detailed imagery will allow scientists to further test the prevailing model that describes the jet’s spectrum as a non-thermal power law.

Processing of the F150W image: Full F150W image, smooth galaxy model, residual, and masked jet image. (Image Source: Astronomy & Astrophysics
Processing of the F150W image: Full F150W image, smooth galaxy model, residual, and masked jet image. (Image Source: Jan Röder, Maciek Wielgus et al., Astronomy & Astrophysics

The findings are based on the latest distance calculation for M87, derived from the same JWST data set. Researchers in the paper stated that previous studies had already “reported that the radio-to-optical spectrum in the kpc-scale jet is generally well described by a non-thermal synchrotron power law.” The new JWST data provide the sharpest view yet to confirm and refine this understanding. 

Complementing the new telescopic observations, cutting-edge computer modeling is simultaneously challenging long-held theories about the material just outside M87's black hole. A research team from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration, the same group that provided the famous 2019 black hole image, has used advanced supercomputer simulations to map the complex interplay of plasma, magnetic fields, and gravity near the event horizon. This digital research models the superheated, fiery matter surrounding the black hole and has uncovered surprising information regarding electron temperatures in this extreme cosmic neighborhood, upending current assumptions. 

The first picture of a black hole was made using observations of the center of galaxy M87 taken by the Event Horizon Telescope (Image Source: NASA)
The first picture of a black hole was made using observations of the center of galaxy M87 taken by the Event Horizon Telescope (Image Source: NASA)

These simulations aim to decode the nature of the glowing ring of hot electrons that produces the synchrotron radiation captured by the EHT’s global network of telescopes. Andrew Chael, a lead researcher from Princeton University, explained the collaboration's focus: “We want to understand the nature of the particles of this plasma that the black hole is eating, and the details of the magnetic fields commingled with the plasma that in M87 launches huge, luminous jets of subatomic particles.” This new simulation work provides a crucial theoretical foundation for interpreting both the EHT's radio data and JWST's highly resolved infrared view of the massive outflow. 

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